Comparative analysis of medical education systems in the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan

Abstract

Topicality. The training of qualified medical professionals is one of the key factors in the effective functioning of the healthcare system. The Russian Federation and Turkmenistan share certain historical and organizational features in their medical education systems; however, are currently being developed in the context of national legal regulations and modernization of mechanisms for training medical specialists. Objective. To conduct a comparative analysis of modern medical education systems in Russia and Turkmenistan, to identify their similarities and differences and current development directions. Materials and Methods. A comparative analysis was conducted using regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and Turkmenistan, official materials of educational institutions and public authorities, documents of the World Health Organization, and scientific publications. The comparison was based on the main stages of medical training: graduate medical education, clinical and practical training, the use of modern educational technologies, final certification and admission to professional practice, postgraduate and continuous professional development. Results. In both countries, basic physician training lasts six years and includes fundamental, clinical and practical components. Common tendencies include the development of practice-oriented learning, digital education technologies and continuous professional development. The main differences were identified at the stage of transition from higher medical education to professional practice and further specialization. In Russia, the right to practice medicine is linked to specialist accreditation; in 2026, the legislation was supplemented by provisions on mentorship in healthcare for categories of individuals specified by law. In Turkmenistan, postgraduate professional training of medical specialists includes internship and clinical residency. Conclusion. Despite the existence of common principles for health services and manpower development, professional pathways in Russia and Turkmenistan have distinct national characteristics, which are most evident in the transition to professional practice and further specialization. The comparative analysis allows for further study and exchange of experiences in the field of medical training.